What Does The Ideological Makeup Refer To

Ideologies and ideological demographics in the Us

Percentage of liberals (blue) and conservatives (red) in favor of major political proposals in the United states. (Pew Inquiry Center, 2021)

American political ideologies usually align with the left–right political spectrum, with near Americans identifying as liberal, moderate, or conservative. Mod American liberalism is defined by welfare capitalism and social liberalism, developing during the Progressive Era and the Great Depression. Modern American conservatism is defined by social conservatism and economical liberalism, developing as a response to the New Bargain and the civil rights movement. Also modern liberalism and conservatism, the United States has a notable libertarian motion, and historical political movements in the U.s.a. take been shaped by ideologies as varied as republicanism, populism, separatism, socialism, monarchism, and nationalism.

Americans of unlike demographic groups are probable to hold different behavior. Men, White Americans, the elderly, Christians, and Americans without higher degrees are more likely to be conservative, while women, African Americans, young adults, non-Christians, and highly educated Americans are more likely to be liberal. American liberalism and American conservatism are unlike from liberalism and conservatism in other parts of the world, and ideology in the United States is defined by individualism rather than collectivism. However, American politics shares some commonalities with Western Europe and South America.

History [edit]

Early republicanism [edit]

Depiction of the signing of the Constitution in 1787

Political ideology in the United States offset developed during the American Revolution every bit a dispute between monarchism and republicanism.^[i] The Loyalists were monarchists, advocating that the 13 Colonies retain their colonial status under the monarchy of United kingdom, while the Patriots were republicans, advocating independence from Bully Great britain and the establishment of a liberal regime based on pop sovereignty with no male monarch and no inherited aristocracy. There would be an aristocracy based on accomplishment, and that elite had a duty to provide leadership. Patriot victory made republicanism into the foundational ideology of the United States.^[1]

Advocates of republicanism at the time emphasized the importance of Enlightenment values to republican credo, such as civic virtue and benevolence, and their vision of society involved an aristocracy leadership team that represented the people and served in authorities.^[i] The Constitution of the U.s. was ratified in 1789 to establish republicanism equally the governmental arrangement of the United States, introducing traditions such every bit separation of powers and federalism to the land. Early American republicanism was the first major liberal ideology in the The states, and it became the foundation for both modern conservatism and mod liberalism.^[1]

As American authorities developed in the 1790s, the classical republican ideals of civic virtue and elite were challenged past more liberal ideas of democracy and cocky-interest.^[1] The Federalist Party was founded past Alexander Hamilton to support political candidates that advocated classical republicanism, stronger federal regime, and the American School of economics, while the Democratic-Republican Party was founded by Thomas Jefferson to back up political candidates that advocated the agrestal and anti-federalist ideals of Jeffersonian democracy.^[2] The Federalists saw well-nigh of their support in New England, with the other states supporting the Democratic-Republicans.^[3] The influence of Federalists declined during the 1800s, and Jeffersonian republic came to exist the only major ideology during the Era of Practiced Feelings.^[four]

The Democratic-Republican Party fractured in the 1820s as a result of the political rivalry between John Quincy Adams and Andrew Jackson.^[5] Jackson established his credo of Jacksonian democracy, and the Autonomous Political party was created to support Jackson. Much like Jefferson, Jackson supported popular democracy, dominion past the people over elites, and minimal government intervention in the economic system.^[six] However, the Autonomous Political party was not a direct successor to the Democratic-Republican Political party, and they differed in other areas.^[5] Unlike Jefferson, Jackson's Democrats advocated political patronage and a stronger executive co-operative.^[7] The National Republican Political party was created to oppose Jackson, advocating government intervention in the economy and opposing unrestrained individualism.^[8] Anti-Masonry too saw prominence at this time, and the National Republican Party merged with the Anti-Masonic Political party in 1833 to form the Whig Party.^[9] The Whigs advocated for the American System, which consisted of protectionism through tariffs, a national bank, and internal improvements.^[10]

Slavery and the Civil War [edit]

Union states (blue) and Amalgamated states (ruby) in 1864

Slavery had been nowadays in the United States since colonial times, but information technology did not get a major political issue until the 1830s.^[eleven] National political ideology was not as influential during this menstruum, with sectional politics between the northern and southern states driving political activity.^[12] All of the northern states had abolished slavery by 1805, merely it was even so widely practiced in the southern states until the Ceremonious War. Abolitionism had been present in the United States since the country'south foundation, simply this flow of sectionalism brought it into the mainstream, and past the 1840s slavery had become the nation's primary political issue.^[13] The Republican Party was formed in the 1850s to reflect the political ideologies of the northern states, supporting social mobility, egalitarianism, and limitations on slavery.^[fourteen] The two major political factions of the Republican Party were the Radical Republicans, who supported full abolitionism of slavery and potent action against the secessionist states, and the moderates, who supported concessions with the southern states.^[15]

Secessionism became prominent in S Carolina during the Nullification crunch in 1832. Secessionists opposed the tariffs of 1828 and 1832, threatening to secede if the federal government attempted to enforce them.^[16] The secessionist movement in Southward Carolina grew more popular in the 1850s as the issue of slavery became more contentious. In 1961, fearing that the federal authorities would restrict or abolish slavery, Southward Carolina led 10 other states in seceding from the Us and forming the Amalgamated States of America.^[17] Democrats in the northern states were split between the War Democrats that supported armed forces activeness to forestall secession and the Copperheads that opposed military activity.

During the Reconstruction era, politics focused on resolving the issues of the Civil War. The ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment abolished slavery in the United States, and ideologies based on the issue of slavery were fabricated irrelevant. The Radical Republicans supported liberal reforms during Reconstruction to accelerate the rights of African Americans, including suffrage and education for freedmen.^[eighteen] White supremacy was a major ideology in the southern states, and restrictions on the rights of African Americans saw widespread support in the region, oftentimes enforced through fierce ways as well as political.^[19] The conservative Bourbon Democrats took power in the Democratic Party during this menstruation.

The Aureate Age [edit]

During the Gilded Age, the Republican Party fractured on the issue of the spoils arrangement in the federal government. Senator Roscoe Conkling led the conservative Stalwarts, who supported the traditional political car and wished to retain the spoils organization. Those that opposed Conkling, especially supporters of Senator James G. Blaine, made upwards the liberal One-half-Breeds, who supported civil service reform to abolish the spoils system. The Stalwarts primarily resided in the three states most influenced by machine politics: New York, Pennsylvania, and Illinois. They were besides prevalent amidst southern Republicans, though the Solid South was overwhelmingly Democratic.^[twenty]

The Democratic Party continued to be divided by exclusive politics during the Gilded Age. Ideologies based on monetary bug produced conflict within both major parties. Silverites opposed the nation's de facto gold standard and supported a return to bimetallism.^[21] Small authorities ethics were still prominent at this fourth dimension, with neither major party seeking to expand the government.^[22] By the 1870s, both major political parties supported industrialization, and in response, supporters of populist agrarianism established the People's Party. The Panic of 1893 accelerated these disputes, causing a major party realignment. The People's Party was absorbed past the Democratic Political party, and the conservative Bourbon Democrats lost influence. Populism, agrarianism, and bimetallism became the ascendant ideologies in the Autonomous Party, led past William Jennings Bryan.^[21]

Other major ideological groups during the Gilded Age include the Mugwumps, the Greenbacks, and the Prohibitionists. The Mugwumps were a loosely formed drove of anti-corruption conservatives that left the Republican Party. The Greenbacks were the largest of a series of labor related movements that advocated an increased coin supply, increased government regulation, and an income taxation. The Prohibitionists were a single-issue group that advocated prohibition of alcohol.^[23]

The Progressive Era [edit]

In the 1890s and 1900s, progressivism developed as a major political ideology in the Us. Progressives opposed the effects of industrialization in the United states of america, supporting major governmental and societal reform to counteract them. These reforms were inspired past the moral ethos of evangelicalism and the development of the social sciences.^[24] Progressives sought to finish corruption, increase public participation in government, and expand government with the goal of improving society.^[25] The progressive movement resulted in the rejection of laissez-faire capitalism in the U.s. and the foundation of welfare commercialism. Progressives came from multiple political traditions, and different factions within progressivism also contributed to prohibitionism, direct democracy, and feminism.^[26]

The Democrats during the Progressive Era moved abroad from the bourgeois, minor regime ideology under which they had operated in the late-19th century.^[27] The Democratic Political party at this time did not advocate a single ideological arrangement but was composed of several competing populist factions that opposed the Republican Party.^[28] The Democrats adopted plebiscitarian republic, in which political leaders were seen every bit answering directly to the common citizen rather than political machines serving every bit a eye-man.^[29] Many progressive reforms became popular within the Democratic Party to increase direct democracy and requite citizens more than power over government operations,^[30] and they besides adopted the idea of the Living Constitution during this period.^[31] During the presidency of Woodrow Wilson, Wilsonianism was developed as an idealist foreign relations ideology.

Republicans during the Progressive Era were divided between a bourgeois faction and a progressive faction.^[27] Theodore Roosevelt split from the Republican Political party in 1912, and his supporters formed the brusque-lived Progressive Party. This party advocated a strong collectivist government and a large number of social and political reforms.^[32] Far-left ideologies also saw brief popularity during this fourth dimension. The Socialist Political party of America was led past Eugene V. Debs and advocated for collective ownership of many industries.^[33] The anarchist movement in the U.s.a. was responsible for several terrorist attacks during the 1910s.^[34]

The New Deal coalition [edit]

During the Great Depression, minor government conservatism became less popular, and Franklin D. Roosevelt formed the New Bargain coalition. The Democratic Party at this time expanded on the reformist beliefs of progressivism, establishing social liberalism and welfare capitalism equally the predominant liberal ideology in the U.s.. Supporters of Roosevelt'southward liberalism advocated fiscal reform, increased government regulation, and social welfare programs, encapsulated in the New Bargain. Conservative Republicans and southern conservative Democrats formed the conservative coalition during Roosevelt's 2d term. Following the presidencies of Roosevelt and Truman, however, the Democratic Party moved away from populism in the 1950s.^[35] American liberalism likewise shifted its perspective on poverty during this time, emphasizing it as a long term social issue rather than a crisis that could be fixed with a sufficient response.^[36]

The Republican Party'southward progressive wing had dissipated leading up to the Great Depression. The party instead began to advocate for small concern, equal opportunity, and individualism. These ideas became the foundation of modern fiscal conservatism that would define the Republican Party through the 20th century.^[37] The foundations of modern social conservatism were too adult by the Republican Party of the 1920s and 1930s, with Herbert Hoover emphasizing politics equally a means to protect the American family and American morality.^[38] Rather than strengthening of regime to practice good as advocated by progressivism, bourgeois Republicans sought to restrict the regime to prevent damage.^[39] The Republican Party came out strongly against the New Bargain programs of the 1930s, arguing that "big government" threatened to become tyrannical.^[forty]

In the 1960s, national politics moved to the civil rights move, and the New Deal coalition ended as support for civil rights and racial justice became major aspects of liberalism in the United States.^[41] White supremacy was predominant in the southern United States, with third-party white supremacist candidates conveying southern states in the 1948 and 1968 presidential elections. Equally a result of the Cold State of war, Americanism adult every bit its own singled-out bourgeois ideology that rejected foreign ideas and Communism in particular.^[42] Neoconservatism besides developed within the conservative wing of the political party, fabricated upwardly of sometime Democrats that were disillusioned with the party'due south liberalism.^[43] Libertarianism developed as a modest credo in the 1960s, and Libertarian Party was founded in 1971.

Reagan Era and the 21st century [edit]

Though conservatives opposed welfare spending during the New Deal era, this opposition did not became a cadre tenet of American conservatism until the 1970s.^[44] Southern conservatives were united under the Republican Party at this time through the Southern strategy. Conservatism had been seen as a dying ideology following the defeat of Barry Goldwater in the 1964 presidential election, but the Reagan administration in the 1980s returned American conservatism to the political mainstream.^[45] The Reagan coalition brought together segregationists, businessmen, libertarians, and Christian fundamentalists that rejected the leftward shift of the country in the previous decades, instead advocating laissez-faire economics and traditional values while opposing Communism and the civil rights movement.^[45] The Republican Study Committee was founded in 1973 to support the conservative majority of the Republican Party, and the Tuesday Grouping was founded in 1995 to represent the moderate fly of the party.

Liberals in the 1970s and 1980s expanded its focus on inclusivity and minority rights.^[46] In the 1990s, support for conservative policies resulted in Third Way politics to get pop in the Democratic Party, led by the New Democrats. This credo consisted of back up for free merchandise, free markets, and reduction of government spending.^[47] The Congressional Progressive Conclave was formed in 1991 to promote left-fly politics in the Autonomous Party, the Blue Dog Coalition was founded in 1995 to promote centrism and conservatism in the party, and the New Democrat Coalition was founded to stand for Third Way politics in 1997.

The 2010s were marked by increasing polarization and populism among candidates and voters. The Tea Party movement formed as a correct-wing populist response to the ballot of Barack Obama in 2008.^[48] This populism in plow led to Trumpism post-obit the ballot of Donald Trump in 2016.^[49] Correct-wing populism during this period focused on protectionist financial conservatism likewise as cultural bug surrounding immigration and identity politics.^{[50] [51] [52]} Left-wing populism became more influential during the 2010s as well, starting with the Occupy movement developing in 2011. Left-wing populist ideologies popularized in the 2010s include social democracy and democratic socialism.

Prominent ideologies [edit]

Political ideology in the United states of america is usually divers with the left–right spectrum, with left-leaning ideas classified as liberalism and right-leaning ideas classified as conservatism.^{[53] [54]} Those who hold behavior between liberalism and conservatism or a mix of beliefs on this scale are chosen moderates. Within this system, there are different ways to separate these ideologies fifty-fifty further and decide one's credo.^[55] Ideological positions tin be divided into social issues and economical problems, and the positions a person holds on social or economic policy might be unlike than their position on the political spectrum.^[56] The United States uses a de facto two-political party system. The political parties are flexible and have undergone several ideological shifts over fourth dimension. Since the mid-20th century, the Autonomous Party typically supports liberal policies and the Republican Party typically supports conservative policies.^[57] Third parties play a small role in American politics, and members of third parties rarely hold office at the federal level.

Conservatism [edit]

Modern conservatism in the Usa traces its origins to the small government principles of the Republican Party in the 1920s, and it adult through opposition to the New Deal coalition and the ceremonious rights movement in the mid-20th century.^{[45] [37]} The ascent of the Reagan coalition led to the election of Ronald Reagan in 1980, establishing conservatism as a major ideology in the United States. This coalition advocated laissez-faire economics, social conservatism, and anti-communism with support from libertarians, northern businessmen, southern segregationists, and the Christian right.^{[45] [58]} In the early 21st century, right-wing populism and neo-nationalism gained considerable influence among the conservative motion. Right-wing populism became the predominant conservative faction in response to the increasing liberalization of gild, get-go with the Tea Party motion of 2009 and continuing with the presidency of Donald Trump.^{[50] [59]}

In that location are several different schools of thought within American conservatism. Social conservatives and the Christian right advocate traditional values, decentralization, and religious law, fearing that the The states is undergoing moral decline. Fiscal conservatives (or classical liberals) abet small government, tax cuts, and lower government spending. Americans that identify as conservative volition typically support most or all of these ideas to some extent, arguing that minor government and traditional values are closely linked.^[lx] Neoconservatives form an interventionist wing of the conservative movement, advocating peace through forcefulness and the use of forcefulness to promote democracy and gainsay threats abroad.^[43] American correct-fly populists advocate taxation cuts, protectionism, and opposition to clearing, framing politics as a battle against "elites" from to a higher place and "subversives" from below.^{[fifty] [51] [52]}

As of 2021, over one-third of the American public self-identifies as conservative. The Republican Party represents conservatives in the United States, with 74% of Republicans identifying as conservative, compared to only 12% of Democrats.^[61] As of 2022, Republican leaning voters are more than likely than Democrats to prioritize the issues of immigration, the budget arrears, and strengthening the armed forces.^[62] A Pew Enquiry study in 2015 found that the well-nigh reliable Republican demographics were Mormons and Evangelicals, particularly White Americans in each grouping.^[63]

Liberalism [edit]

Modern liberalism in the United States originates from the reforms advocated by the progressive movement of the early 20th century.^[24] Franklin D. Roosevelt implemented the New Deal in response to the Great Depression, and the New Deal programs defined social liberalism in the United States, establishing it every bit a major ideology in the United states. In the 1960s, it expanded to include support for the civil rights motion.^[41] Following the rise of the Reagan coalition in the 1980s and the shift toward conservatism in the United states, American liberals adopted Third Way liberalism. A movement of left-liberal progressivism and left-wing populism emerged inside liberalism post-obit the Great Recession and Occupy Wall Street.^{[64] [65]}

Liberalism in the U.s.a. is founded on back up for strong ceremonious liberties, cultural liberalism, and cultural pluralism.^[66] Liberal social behavior include support for more authorities intervention to fight poverty and other social problems through programs such as welfare and a social condom net, too every bit opposition to authorities intervention in moral and social beliefs.^[67] Liberal economical beliefs include support for a mixed economy that uses a capitalist system maintained with economical interventionism and regulation, as well equally opposition to both laissez-faire capitalism and socialism as means to distribute economic resource. Keynesian economics ordinarily cistron into liberal economical policy. Those that identify as liberal volition typically support liberal economic policies every bit a ways to support liberal social policies.^[67] Liberals within the modern progressive movement support greater redistribution of wealth, increases to the federal minimum wage, a mandatory single-payer healthcare system, and environmental justice.^{[64] [65] [68]} Regarding international relations, American liberals are divided between realism and Wilsonianism.^[67]

As of 2021, about i-4th of the American public self-identifies as liberal. The Autonomous Political party represents liberals in the United States, with l% of Democrats identifying every bit liberal, compared to only four% of Republicans.^[61] Liberals vote mostly in favor of the Autonomous Party, constituting one-half of the Democratic base.^[61] Every bit of 2022, Democratic leaning voters are more than likely than Republicans to prioritize the issues of the COVID-19 pandemic, climate change, race, and poverty.^[62] A Pew Research study in 2015 plant that the most reliable Democratic demographics were African Americans, atheists, and Asian Americans.^[63]

Moderates [edit]

Moderates prioritize compromise and pragmatism, and moderate politics vary depending on the political circumstances of the era. During the American Revolution, moderates generally supported the ideas of the revolutionary Patriots, just they were concerned virtually the potential consequences of open up revolution.^[69] During the Civil War, Southern moderates opposed secession, while Northern moderates advocated a more gradual response to slavery than the strong abolitionism and civil rights proposed past Radical Republicans.^{[15] [70]} During Reconstruction, moderate Republicans sought to increase support for civil rights in the S instead of implementing them through force.^[71] In the 1950s, President Dwight D. Eisenhower operated under his policy of "Mod Republicanism" that promoted moderate politics in response to the New Deal coalition and the Conservative coalition.^[72]

Moderates identify equally neither liberal nor conservative, holding a mix of behavior that does not necessarily represent to either group. They typically believe that bug are as well circuitous for uncomplicated partisan solutions to piece of work and that the two major political parties are too ideological. Some policy stances take stiff back up from moderates, including background checks on gun purchases and investing in renewable free energy.^[73] Beyond a resistance to the terms liberal and bourgeois, there is little that unites moderates ideologically, and moderates can hold a diversity of political positions.^{[74] [75]} As of 2021, over ane-third of the American public self-identifies equally moderate. Self-identified moderates brand upwardly about i-tertiary of the Democratic Party, about i-5th of the Republican Party, and about one-half of independents.^[61]

Minor ideologies [edit]

Fascism [edit]

Fascism was never widely accepted in the United States, and no fascist party ever gained prominence in American politics. Still, there were prominent American supporters of fascism in the 1930s, including Henry Ford and Charles Lindbergh. Charles Coughlin, at one signal the second near pop radio host in the United States, openly advocated fascist ideals during his program. A significant minority of Americans at the fourth dimension were also sympathetic to fascism because of its antisemitism, its anti-communism, and what was perceived as its economic success.^[76] The Friends of New Deutschland and its successor the German American Bund represented the largest Nazi organizations in the United States, which is estimated to have had 25,000 members.^[77] Several Nazi political parties have been created since the cease of World War Two, but none take seen significant membership or electoral success.

Present day Nazism in the United states of america is called Neo-Nazism. There are many factors that cause someone to radicalize and adopt Nazism, including a traumatic past, a search for meaning through extremism, and a propensity to violence or aggression.^{[78] [79]} In 2017, ABC News/Washington Postal service polling found that 9% of Americans believe neo-Nazi behavior are "acceptable".^[80] The Federal Bureau of Investigation recognized neo-Nazis as a major domestic terror threat in 2020.^[81] The words "fascist" and "Nazi" are sometimes used erroneously as epithets to draw political figures and ideologies, only these uses of the terms are generally disputed by academics that study the subject field.^{[82] [83] [84]}

Libertarianism [edit]

Libertarianism in the Us refers to the right-libertarianism that was offset developed in the 1970s as a revival of classical liberalism. American libertarianism is founded on the thought of severely limited government and reduction of social programs, with supporters of libertarianism advocating fiscal conservatism, social liberalism, and isolationist foreign policy.^[85] Libertarians make up a notable minority group in American politics, with about xi% of Americans maxim that the term describes them well every bit of 2014. Men were twice every bit likely to identify with the term equally women, and Democrats were half as probable to place with the term as Republicans or independents.^[86] As of 2013, 68% of libertarians were men, 94% of libertarians were white, and 62% of libertarians were under the historic period of 50. Religiously, 50% of libertarians were Protestant, 27% were religiously unaffiliated, and 11% were Catholic.^[87]

Libertarianism is promoted past the Libertarian Political party, the largest minor party in the United States. Libertarians in the Usa typically vote for the Republican Party, with only a modest portion voting for the Democratic Party or the Libertarian Party.^{[87] [88]} Some libertarians have begun voting for the Democratic Party in 2020 in response to the right-wing populism of the Republican Party.^{[89] [ninety]} Some major think tanks in the The states operate from a libertarian perspective, including the Cato Institute and the Reason Foundation.

Monarchism [edit]

Earlier the American Revolution, the Thirteen Colonies were ruled by the Crown of Great United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland every bit a monarchy. The Founding Fathers of the United States largely rejected monarchism in favor of republicanism, and the Revolutionary State of war was fought to gratis the colonies from monarchy. Almost one-fifth of Americans during the revolution were function of the loyalist faction that wished to remain a monarchy under the British crown, and after the United States became an independent state, thousands of loyalists emigrated to Uk or to other colonies.^[91] Following the revolution, some individuals supported the continuation of monarchism in the U.s.. Near notably, Alexander Hamilton proposed an elective monarchy as the American system of government, favoring a stiff executive with lifetime rule.^[92] Other supporters of monarchism at the fourth dimension include the military machine officers that advocated in the Newburgh alphabetic character that George Washington go a monarch and the alleged Prussian scheme that sought to put the United States under the rule of Prince Henry of Prussia.

No major monarchist movements accept emerged since the 18th century. The Constantian Society advocated monarchy in the late 20th century, but it did not see mainstream success. However, elements of monarchism nonetheless be in the function of the United states presidency. The office had many of its functions based on those of the British monarch, including its status as a unitary executive, its chapters over strange affairs, and powers such as the presidential veto.^[92]

Separatism [edit]

Many separatist movements have advocated secession from the United States, though most of these movements accept seen trivial support. The most meaning separatist movement was secessionism in the southern United States in the 1860s. Politicians from the southern states declared independence and established the Confederate States of America, an unrecognized regime led by Jefferson Davis, resulting in the American Ceremonious State of war.^[17] Following the Civil State of war, the states were reincorporated into the union, and the Supreme Court ruled that unilateral secession was unconstitutional in Texas five. White.^[93]

The Republic of Texas was created when information technology seceded from Mexico earlier ultimately joining the United States. Since the access of Texas every bit a state, various Texas secession movements have developed. A mutual misconception purports that Texas reserved the correct to secede when it was admitted, but no such legal provision exists.^[94] The status of Puerto Rico in the Usa has long been debated, with independence beingness ane of the options considered.^[95] Other notable separatist groups in the U.s. include Ka Lahui Hawaii and the Alaskan Independence Political party, both of which have had membership in the tens of thousands.^{[96] [97]}

Other notable proposals for secession have been suggested in the past. The Kentucky Resolution by Thomas Jefferson threatened secession in response to the Conflicting and Sedition Acts in 1798. The Nullification crunch represented another threat of secession in 1832. In the 21st century, political polarization has resulted in college support for a division of the United States.^[98] As of 2021, two-thirds of Republicans in Southern states support a renewed Confederacy.^[99] Some extremist groups support racial separatism, which advocates separatism on the basis of race or ethnicity instead of geography. White separatism and Blackness separatism advocate the creation of ethnostates along racial lines.

[edit]

Socialists advocate the abolition of capitalism and private property in favor of commonage buying of the means of production.^{[100] [101]} The Socialist Party of America was founded in 1901, and information technology saw moderate success equally a 3rd party, electing two members to Congress and running Eugene V. Debs as a notable 3rd political party candidate in 1912 and 1920.^[102] At the same time, anarchism gained a following in the United states of america and became the motivating ideology behind a wave of left-wing terrorism, including several bombings and the bump-off of William McKinley.^{[34] [103]} Following the Russian Revolution, socialism was negatively received by Americans, and strong social backlash to socialism resulted in the Ruby Scare. The New Left briefly existed as a socialist movement in the 1960s and 1970s.^[104]

In the 21st century, perceptions of socialism have improved in the United States.^[105] Every bit of 2022, the Democratic Socialists of America is the largest socialist group in the United States, reporting over 92,000 members.^[106] This group advocates democratic socialism, including the nationalization of major industries and the transfer of other industries from private ownership to workers' buying.^[107] Several members of the group have held office in the United States.

The words "socialist" and "communist" are sometimes used erroneously as epithets to draw political figures and ideologies. Many politicians, political groups, and policies in the United States have been referred to as socialist despite supporting welfare commercialism with government programs and regulations.^{[108] [109] [110]} When polled, a pregnant portion of Americans were unable to accurately identify what socialism was, believing it to refer to government spending, welfare programs, equal rights, liberalism, or being social.^{[111] [112]}

Demographics of ideological groups [edit]

Men in the United States tend to be slightly more than conservative than women. As of 2021, 41% of men identified every bit conservative, compared to 32% of women.^[61] Voter turnout tends to be slightly higher among women than among men.^[113] A gender gap has been plant to be in voting patterns, with women more probable to vote for the Democratic Party since the 1970s. Military intervention and the death penalty are significantly more pop among men than women, while gun control and welfare are significantly more popular amongst women than men.^{[114] [115]} Men that identify with hypermasculinity and women that place with hyperfemininity have been found to lean more than conservative than those that do not.^[116]

Younger Americans tend to lean liberal, while older Americans tend to lean conservative. As of 2021, 23% of Americans aged xviii to 29 are conservative, compared to 45% of Americans aged 65 and upwardly. Likewise, 34% of Americans aged eighteen to 29 are liberal compared to 21% anile 65 and up.^[61] Americans' political ideologies generally exercise non change much as they abound older, but ideological shifts in one's life are more likely to motion to the right than to the left.^[117] Younger voters and older voters typically consider the same factors when voting. Afterwards reaching their mid-60s, right voting sharply declines amongst voters, with a majority of elderly voters in their 80s and 90s casting votes that contradict their stated beliefs. This is attributed to decreasing cognitive capabilities equally well every bit an ability to access up-to-appointment data due to slower manual dexterity and difficulty using technology.^[118]

Equally of 2014, Christians brand up 85% of conservatives and 52% of liberals, non-Christian faiths make up iii% of conservatives and 10% of liberals, and the religiously unaffiliated make upwardly 11% of conservatives and 36% of liberals. A majority of Mormons and Evangelical Protestants and a plurality of Catholics in the United States identify every bit conservative, while a plurality of Buddhists, Hindus, Jews, and "nones" place as liberal.^[119] Identifying with a religious tradition has been constitute to reduce political participation, but participation in church building activities has been found to increase political participation. Religious Americans that believe in a God who intervenes in human affairs are less likely to participate in politics.^[120] Political beliefs and religious beliefs in the United States are closely intertwined, with both affecting the other.^{[121] [122]}

Highly educated Americans are more probable to be liberal. In 2015, 44% of Americans with college degrees identified equally liberal, while only 29% identified as conservative. Americans without college feel were virtually as likely to place as liberal or conservative, with roughly half identifying equally having mixed political values.^[123] This divide primarily exists between educated and uneducated white voters, and information technology marks a reversal of previous trends where higher-educated whites were more conservative.^[124] Several reasons for this phenomenon have been proposed, including college graduates spending more fourth dimension in liberal cities, a prioritization of scientific discipline over traditional authority, college students existence exposed to new ideas, and conservative distrust of college education.^{[125] [126] [127]} Income is not a major factor in political ideology. In 2021, each income grouping had a nearly identical distribution of ideologies, matching the full general population.^[61]

Comparison to global politics [edit]

While liberal and conservative are the main ideological descriptors in the United States, they do not necessarily correlate to usage of the terms in other countries. In the The states, liberalism refers specifically to social liberalism and cultural liberalism, and it leans farther to the left than liberalism in other countries.^{[67] [128]} Conservatism is derived from the traditions of a club, then American conservatism reflects the ideas of classical liberalism and Christian belief that were dominant in the early history of the United States.^[129] American politics is dominated by individualist credo instead of the collectivist ideology that influences politics in some European countries. American citizens expect less influence and intervention past the authorities and are less likely to have information technology. Ideologies that advocate collective rights are not well received by American voters if they come up at the cost of individual rights.^[130]

Americans and Western Europeans accept a similar conception of commonwealth and governance, which is distinct from that found in the rest of Europe. Americans and Western Europeans are similarly progressive equally well. Withal, Americans place higher priority on freedom of religion than Western European countries, and Americans are more likely to believe that individual success is within a person'southward command.^[131] Both European way social democracy and European mode nativism have become more than prominent in the 21st century United states.^{[132] [133]} Commonwealth in both the United States and European countries are threatened past rise anti-establishmentism and the resulting extremism and polarization. The The states in particular is more than susceptible to polarization than European countries due to its political structure, but it is more resilient to extremist ideologies for the aforementioned reason.^[134]

Historically, the development of democracy and politics in the United states of america is closely related to that of South America. Both regions have a shared history of colonialism, revolutionary state of war, federalist republicanism, and presidential systems. Political traits that are sometimes considered singled-out to the United States are also common in Southward America, including common ideological positions on organized religion, crime, economy, national identity, multiculturalism, and guns.^{[135] [136]}

See also [edit]

• Factions in the Democratic Party (The states)
• Factions in the Republican Political party (United states)
• Pew Research Centre political typology
• Political culture of the United states of america
• Ruby states and blueish states
• Southernization

References [edit]

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Bibliography [edit]

• Foner, Eric (1980). Politics and Ideology in the Age of the Civil State of war. Oxford Academy Printing. ISBN9780195029260.
• Gerring, John (1998). Political party Ideologies in America, 1828–1996. Cambridge University Press. ISBN9781139174992.
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• Wood, Gordon Due south. "Classical Republicanism and the American Revolution." Chicago-Kent Law Review 66 (1990): 13+ online.

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_ideologies_in_the_United_States

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